Further information

Disclaimer

The contents of this publication reflect the opinions of individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the EBRD.

© European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

One Exchange Square
London EC2A 2JN
United Kingdom
Website: www.ebrd.com

All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material contained on this microsite for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorised without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the written permission of the copyright holders.

Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Head, Publications, Design and Donor Visibility, Communications Department, EBRD, One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2JN, United Kingdom, or by email to: permissions@ebrd.com.

Note:  The complex coding required for some of our online charts may limit their ability to export successfully. For all maps in this website, the designations employed and the presentation of material in the maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the EBRD concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.

Hyperlinks to non-EBRD websites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-EBRD sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

Terms and conditions

Full terms and conditions can be found on www.ebrd.com.

Acknowledgements

The Transition Report was prepared by the Office of the Chief Economist (OCE) of the EBRD, under the general direction of Sergei Guriev and Hans Peter Lankes. It also includes a contribution from the Office of the General Counsel (Annex 4.1) and the Economics, Policy and Governance Department (structural reform overview and  country assessments).

This year’s editors were Ralph de Haas and Alexander Plekhanov. Online country assessments were edited by Peter Sanfey. Alexander Stepanov provided research assistance.

The writing teams for the chapters, boxes and annexes comprised:

Convergence and inequality (Chapter 1)

Undral Batmunkh, Yordan Georgiev and Alexander Plekhanov.
Boxes 1.1 and 1.2 were prepared by Undral Batmunkh.
Box 1.3 was prepared by Cristina Buzasu and Biljana Radonjic Ker-Lindsay.
Box 1.4 was prepared by Oksana Antonenko.
Box 1.5 was prepared by Michelle Brock and Nathaniel Young.

Well-being (Chapter 2)

Alicia Adsera, Francesca Dalla Pozza, Sergei Guriev and Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp.
Box 2.1 was prepared by Francesca Dalla Pozza, Sergei Guriev and Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp.
Box 2.2 was prepared by Alicia Adsera.
Elena Nikolova participated in the initial background work on the chapter.

Inequality of opportunity (Chapter 3)

Michelle Brock, Vito Peragine and Sara Tonini.
Box 3.1 was prepared by Michelle Brock and Vito Peragine.
Box 3.2 was prepared by Rami Galal.
Box 3.3 was prepared by Michaela Bergman.
Box 3.4 was prepared by Alper Dincer, Kristine Grun and Barbara Rambousek.

Financial inclusion (Chapter 4)

Ralph de Haas, Shusen Qi and Nathaniel Young.
Box 4.1 was prepared by Verena Kroth and Anna Wilson.
Box 4.2 was prepared by Philip Martin.
Annex 4.1 was prepared by Peter Lundy and Paul Moffatt.
Part of the analysis in Chapter 4 is based on data provided by Austria’s central bank (Oesterreichische Nationalbank; OeNB). The authors are indebted to Elisabeth Beckmann and Helmut Stix of the OeNB for designing and implementing the related survey questions as part of the Euro Survey 2015 and for their analytical contribution to Chapter 4.

Outlook (Macroeconomic overview)

Yordan Georgiev and Alexander Plekhanov.
Box M.1 was prepared by Lukas Boeckelmann with contributions from Michel Nies and Emir Zildzovic.

Reforms (Structural reform)

Kristine Grun, Yuni Kim, Svenja Petersen, Barbara Rambousek and Peter Sanfey, with contributions from sector and regional economists and analysts.

Countries

The online country assessments at tr-ebrd.com were prepared by the regional economists and analysts of the Department of Economics, Policy and Governance and edited by Peter Sanfey. The main authors were:

  • Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine: Konstantine Kintsurashvili and Ana Kresic.
  • Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey: Bojan Markovic and Idil Bilgic Alpaslan.
  • Central Asia and Georgia: Agris Preimanis and Nino Shanshiashvili.
  • Croatia, Russia, Serbia and Slovenia: Peter Tabak and Emir Zildzovic.
  • Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic and the Baltic states: Alexander Lehmann and Marcin Tomaszewski, assisted by Malgorzata Markiewicz-Bogov.
  • Southern and eastern Mediterranean: Hanan Morsy, Rand Fakhoury and Fadel Jaoui.
  • Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro), Cyprus and Greece: Peter Sanfey and Jakov Milatovic.

Editorial, multimedia and production guidance for the Transition Report was provided by Chris Booth, Anna Carlson, Dermot Doorly, Hannah Fenn, Cathy Goudie, Dan Kelly, Jane Ross, Natasha Treloar, Bryan Whitford and Anthony Williams in the EBRD Communications Department, and by Matthew Hart and Helen Valvona. The report was designed and print-managed by Blackwood Creative Ltd; www.weareblackwood.com.

The editors are indebted to Daniel Treisman and Christoph Lanker for comments and discussions and to Elisabeth Beckmann and Helmut Stix for hosting EBRD researchers at the OeNB. The report benefited from comments and feedback from the EBRD Board of Directors and their authorities, the EBRD Executive Committee, the EBRD’s Resident Offices and Country Teams, and staff from the European Commission, OECD, International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and the participants of the conference of the OECD’s High Level Expert Group on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, including Yann Algan, Martine Durand, Armin Falk and Joseph Stiglitz. Some of the material in this Report is based on the third round of the EBRD/World Bank Life in Transition Survey (LiTS III), which was funded by the World Bank and the EBRD Shareholder Special Fund. This funding is gratefully acknowledged.

Glossary

BEPS
Banking Environment and Performance Survey (conducted by the EBRD and the European Banking Center at Tilburg University)
BEEPS
Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (conducted by the EBRD and the World Bank)
BIS
Bank for International Settlements
BMI
Business Monitor International
CA
Central Asia
CEB
Central Europe and the Baltic states
COP 21
21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris, France, from 30 November 2015 to 12 December 2015
COP 22
22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Marrakesh, Morocco, 7-18 November 2016
DCFTA
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
D-index
Dissimilarity index; broadly speaking, the average distance between predicted outcomes and the actual mean of outcomes.
EBRD, the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EC
European Commission
ECB
European Central Bank
EEC
Eastern Europe and the Caucasus
EIB
European Investment Bank
EITI/PWYP
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative/ Publish What You Pay
ELMPS
Egyptian Labour Market Panel Surveys
EU
European Union
FDI
Foreign direct investment
FYR Macedonia
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
GDP
Gross domestic product
Gini coefficient
The Gini coefficient measures the concentration of income. A coefficient of 1 corresponds to a situation where all income is earned by a single individual, while a coefficient of 0 corresponds to a situation where all incomes are equal.
GVAR
Global vector autoregressive
ICT
Information and communication technology
IFC
International Finance Corporation
IFI
International financial institution
IFRS
International Financial Reporting Standards
ILO
International Labour Organization
IMF
International Monetary Fund
IPO
Initial public offering
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
KILM
Key Indicators of the Labour Market
LiTS
Life in Transition Survey
LTE
Long-term evolution
MDB
Multilateral development bank
MENA ES
Middle East and North Africa Enterprise Surveys (conducted by the EBRD, the European Investment Bank and the World Bank)
MFI
Microfinance institution
MLD
Mean log deviation
MSMEs
Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
NIESR
National Institute of Economic and Social Research (United Kingdom)
NPL
Non-performing loan
NUTS 2
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 2
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OeNB
Oesterreichisches Nationalbank
PE
Private equity
PPP
Public-private partnership
PPP
purchasing power parity
P2P
Peer-to-peer
PSU
Primary sampling unit
RLMS
Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey
SEE
South-eastern Europe
SEMED
Southern and eastern Mediterranean
SMEs
Small and medium-sized enterprises
SOEs
State-owned enterprises
SSM
Single Supervisory Mechanism
STEM
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
Transition countries
Countries where the EBRD works to foster the transition to open market-oriented economies
Transition impact
A key principle governing the EBRD’s project activities. There are broadly three areas in which an EBRD project can contribute to the process of transition – the structure and extent of markets; the institutions and policies that support markets; and market-based behaviour patterns, skills and innovation. These three areas are further divided into seven sources of the transition impact which are – greater competition in the project sector; expansion of competitive market interactions in other sectors; more widespread private ownership; institutions, laws and policies that promote market functioning and efficiency; transfer and dispersion of skills; demonstration of new replicable behaviour and activities; and setting standards for corporate governance and business conduct.
TFP
Total factor productivity
UCDP/PRIO
Uppsala Conflict Data Program /Peace Research Institute Oslo
UN
United Nations
UNCTAD
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNHCR
United Nations High Commission for Refugees
VAT
Value-added tax
VDSL
Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line
WDIs
World Development Indicators
WEF
World Economic Forum
WGIs
The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (control of corruption, regulatory quality, government effectiveness and rule of law)
WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO
World Trade Organization

 

Country abbreviations

Albania
ALB
Armenia
ARM
Azerbaijan
AZE
Belarus
BEL
Bosnia and Herz.
BOS
Bulgaria
BUL
Croatia
CRO
Cyprus
CYP
Egypt
EGY
Estonia
EST
FYR Macedonia
FYR
Georgia
GEO
Greece
GRC
Hungary
HUN
Jordan
JOR
Kazakhstan
KAZ
Kosovo
KOS
Kyrgyz Republic
KGZ
Latvia
LAT
Lithuania
LIT
Moldova
MDA
Mongolia
MON
Montenegro
MNG
Morocco
MOR
Poland
POL
Romania
ROM
Russia
RUS
Serbia
SER
Slovak Republic
SVK
Slovenia
SLO
Tajikistan
TJK
Tunisia
TUN
Turkey
TUR
Turkmenistan
TKM
Ukraine
UKR
Uzbekistan
UZB
Argentina
ARG
Australia
AUS
Austria
AUT
Belgium
BGM
Brazil
BRA
Canada
CAN
Chile
CHL
China
CHN
Czech Republic
CZE
Denmark
DNK
Finland
FIN
France
FRA
Germany
GER
India
IND
Indonesia
IDN
Ireland
IRL
Israel
ISR
Italy
ITA
Japan
JPN
Mexico
MEX
Netherlands
NED
Portugal
PRT
Saudi Arabia
SAU
Singapore
SGP
South Africa
ZAF
South Korea
KOR
Spain
ESP
Sweden
SWE
Thailand
THA
United Kingdom
UK
United States of America
USA

Contact

EBRD website

www.ebrd.com

Switchboard/central contact

Tel: +44 20 7338 6000

Project enquiries

Tel: +44 20 7338 7168
Email: projectenquiries@ebrd.com

Other enquiries

See the Enquiries page

Office of the Chief Economist

Tel: +44 20 7338 6037
Email: economics@ebrd.com
Chief Economist: Sergei Guriev

Last updated on 8 November 2016