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Acknowledgements
The Transition Report was prepared by the Office of the Chief Economist (OCE) of the EBRD, under the general direction of Sergei Guriev and Hans Peter Lankes. It also includes a contribution from the Office of the General Counsel (Annex 4.1) and the Economics, Policy and Governance Department (structural reform overview and country assessments).
This year’s editors were Ralph de Haas and Alexander Plekhanov. Online country assessments were edited by Peter Sanfey. Alexander Stepanov provided research assistance.
The writing teams for the chapters, boxes and annexes comprised:
Convergence and inequality (Chapter 1)
Undral Batmunkh, Yordan Georgiev and Alexander Plekhanov.
Boxes 1.1 and 1.2 were prepared by Undral Batmunkh.
Box 1.3 was prepared by Cristina Buzasu and Biljana Radonjic Ker-Lindsay.
Box 1.4 was prepared by Oksana Antonenko.
Box 1.5 was prepared by Michelle Brock and Nathaniel Young.
Well-being (Chapter 2)
Alicia Adsera, Francesca Dalla Pozza, Sergei Guriev and Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp.
Box 2.1 was prepared by Francesca Dalla Pozza, Sergei Guriev and Lukas Kleine-Rueschkamp.
Box 2.2 was prepared by Alicia Adsera.
Elena Nikolova participated in the initial background work on the chapter.
Inequality of opportunity (Chapter 3)
Michelle Brock, Vito Peragine and Sara Tonini.
Box 3.1 was prepared by Michelle Brock and Vito Peragine.
Box 3.2 was prepared by Rami Galal.
Box 3.3 was prepared by Michaela Bergman.
Box 3.4 was prepared by Alper Dincer, Kristine Grun and Barbara Rambousek.
Financial inclusion (Chapter 4)
Ralph de Haas, Shusen Qi and Nathaniel Young.
Box 4.1 was prepared by Verena Kroth and Anna Wilson.
Box 4.2 was prepared by Philip Martin.
Annex 4.1 was prepared by Peter Lundy and Paul Moffatt.
Part of the analysis in Chapter 4 is based on data provided by Austria’s central bank (Oesterreichische Nationalbank; OeNB). The authors are indebted to Elisabeth Beckmann and Helmut Stix of the OeNB for designing and implementing the related survey questions as part of the Euro Survey 2015 and for their analytical contribution to Chapter 4.
Outlook (Macroeconomic overview)
Yordan Georgiev and Alexander Plekhanov.
Box M.1 was prepared by Lukas Boeckelmann with contributions from Michel Nies and Emir Zildzovic.
Reforms (Structural reform)
Kristine Grun, Yuni Kim, Svenja Petersen, Barbara Rambousek and Peter Sanfey, with contributions from sector and regional economists and analysts.
Countries
The online country assessments at tr-ebrd.com were prepared by the regional economists and analysts of the Department of Economics, Policy and Governance and edited by Peter Sanfey. The main authors were:
- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine: Konstantine Kintsurashvili and Ana Kresic.
- Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey: Bojan Markovic and Idil Bilgic Alpaslan.
- Central Asia and Georgia: Agris Preimanis and Nino Shanshiashvili.
- Croatia, Russia, Serbia and Slovenia: Peter Tabak and Emir Zildzovic.
- Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic and the Baltic states: Alexander Lehmann and Marcin Tomaszewski, assisted by Malgorzata Markiewicz-Bogov.
- Southern and eastern Mediterranean: Hanan Morsy, Rand Fakhoury and Fadel Jaoui.
- Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro), Cyprus and Greece: Peter Sanfey and Jakov Milatovic.
Editorial, multimedia and production guidance for the Transition Report was provided by Chris Booth, Anna Carlson, Dermot Doorly, Hannah Fenn, Cathy Goudie, Dan Kelly, Jane Ross, Natasha Treloar, Bryan Whitford and Anthony Williams in the EBRD Communications Department, and by Matthew Hart and Helen Valvona. The report was designed and print-managed by Blackwood Creative Ltd; www.weareblackwood.com.
The editors are indebted to Daniel Treisman and Christoph Lanker for comments and discussions and to Elisabeth Beckmann and Helmut Stix for hosting EBRD researchers at the OeNB. The report benefited from comments and feedback from the EBRD Board of Directors and their authorities, the EBRD Executive Committee, the EBRD’s Resident Offices and Country Teams, and staff from the European Commission, OECD, International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and the participants of the conference of the OECD’s High Level Expert Group on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, including Yann Algan, Martine Durand, Armin Falk and Joseph Stiglitz. Some of the material in this Report is based on the third round of the EBRD/World Bank Life in Transition Survey (LiTS III), which was funded by the World Bank and the EBRD Shareholder Special Fund. This funding is gratefully acknowledged.
Glossary
- BEPS
- Banking Environment and Performance Survey (conducted by the EBRD and the European Banking Center at Tilburg University)
- BEEPS
- Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (conducted by the EBRD and the World Bank)
- BIS
- Bank for International Settlements
- BMI
- Business Monitor International
- CA
- Central Asia
- CEB
- Central Europe and the Baltic states
- COP 21
- 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Paris, France, from 30 November 2015 to 12 December 2015
- COP 22
- 22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Marrakesh, Morocco, 7-18 November 2016
- DCFTA
- Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
- D-index
- Dissimilarity index; broadly speaking, the average distance between predicted outcomes and the actual mean of outcomes.
- EBRD, the
- European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- EC
- European Commission
- ECB
- European Central Bank
- EEC
- Eastern Europe and the Caucasus
- EIB
- European Investment Bank
- EITI/PWYP
- Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative/ Publish What You Pay
- ELMPS
- Egyptian Labour Market Panel Surveys
- EU
- European Union
- FDI
- Foreign direct investment
- FYR Macedonia
- Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
- GDP
- Gross domestic product
- Gini coefficient
- The Gini coefficient measures the concentration of income. A coefficient of 1 corresponds to a situation where all income is earned by a single individual, while a coefficient of 0 corresponds to a situation where all incomes are equal.
- GVAR
- Global vector autoregressive
- ICT
- Information and communication technology
- IFC
- International Finance Corporation
- IFI
- International financial institution
- IFRS
- International Financial Reporting Standards
- ILO
- International Labour Organization
- IMF
- International Monetary Fund
- IPO
- Initial public offering
- ISO
- International Organization for Standardization
- KILM
- Key Indicators of the Labour Market
- LiTS
- Life in Transition Survey
- LTE
- Long-term evolution
- MDB
- Multilateral development bank
- MENA ES
- Middle East and North Africa Enterprise Surveys (conducted by the EBRD, the European Investment Bank and the World Bank)
- MFI
- Microfinance institution
- MLD
- Mean log deviation
- MSMEs
- Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
- NIESR
- National Institute of Economic and Social Research (United Kingdom)
- NPL
- Non-performing loan
- NUTS 2
- Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 2
- OECD
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OeNB
- Oesterreichisches Nationalbank
- PE
- Private equity
- PPP
- Public-private partnership
- PPP
- purchasing power parity
- P2P
- Peer-to-peer
- PSU
- Primary sampling unit
- RLMS
- Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey
- SEE
- South-eastern Europe
- SEMED
- Southern and eastern Mediterranean
- SMEs
- Small and medium-sized enterprises
- SOEs
- State-owned enterprises
- SSM
- Single Supervisory Mechanism
- STEM
- Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
- Transition countries
- Countries where the EBRD works to foster the transition to open market-oriented economies
- Transition impact
- A key principle governing the EBRD’s project activities. There are broadly three areas in which an EBRD project can contribute to the process of transition – the structure and extent of markets; the institutions and policies that support markets; and market-based behaviour patterns, skills and innovation. These three areas are further divided into seven sources of the transition impact which are – greater competition in the project sector; expansion of competitive market interactions in other sectors; more widespread private ownership; institutions, laws and policies that promote market functioning and efficiency; transfer and dispersion of skills; demonstration of new replicable behaviour and activities; and setting standards for corporate governance and business conduct.
- TFP
- Total factor productivity
- UCDP/PRIO
- Uppsala Conflict Data Program /Peace Research Institute Oslo
- UN
- United Nations
- UNCTAD
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- UNHCR
- United Nations High Commission for Refugees
- VAT
- Value-added tax
- VDSL
- Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line
- WDIs
- World Development Indicators
- WEF
- World Economic Forum
- WGIs
- The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (control of corruption, regulatory quality, government effectiveness and rule of law)
- WIPO
- World Intellectual Property Organization
- WTO
- World Trade Organization
Country abbreviations
- Albania
- ALB
- Armenia
- ARM
- Azerbaijan
- AZE
- Belarus
- BEL
- Bosnia and Herz.
- BOS
- Bulgaria
- BUL
- Croatia
- CRO
- Cyprus
- CYP
- Egypt
- EGY
- Estonia
- EST
- FYR Macedonia
- FYR
- Georgia
- GEO
- Greece
- GRC
- Hungary
- HUN
- Jordan
- JOR
- Kazakhstan
- KAZ
- Kosovo
- KOS
- Kyrgyz Republic
- KGZ
- Latvia
- LAT
- Lithuania
- LIT
- Moldova
- MDA
- Mongolia
- MON
- Montenegro
- MNG
- Morocco
- MOR
- Poland
- POL
- Romania
- ROM
- Russia
- RUS
- Serbia
- SER
- Slovak Republic
- SVK
- Slovenia
- SLO
- Tajikistan
- TJK
- Tunisia
- TUN
- Turkey
- TUR
- Turkmenistan
- TKM
- Ukraine
- UKR
- Uzbekistan
- UZB
- Argentina
- ARG
- Australia
- AUS
- Austria
- AUT
- Belgium
- BGM
- Brazil
- BRA
- Canada
- CAN
- Chile
- CHL
- China
- CHN
- Czech Republic
- CZE
- Denmark
- DNK
- Finland
- FIN
- France
- FRA
- Germany
- GER
- India
- IND
- Indonesia
- IDN
- Ireland
- IRL
- Israel
- ISR
- Italy
- ITA
- Japan
- JPN
- Mexico
- MEX
- Netherlands
- NED
- Portugal
- PRT
- Saudi Arabia
- SAU
- Singapore
- SGP
- South Africa
- ZAF
- South Korea
- KOR
- Spain
- ESP
- Sweden
- SWE
- Thailand
- THA
- United Kingdom
- UK
- United States of America
- USA
Contact
EBRD website
Switchboard/central contact
Tel: +44 20 7338 6000
Project enquiries
Tel: +44 20 7338 7168
Email: projectenquiries@ebrd.com
Other enquiries
See the Enquiries page
Office of the Chief Economist
Tel: +44 20 7338 6037
Email: economics@ebrd.com
Chief Economist: Sergei Guriev
Last updated on 8 November 2016